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Understanding the /etc/shadow File in Linux
The /etc/shadow file stores hashed passwords and password aging data for each user on a Linux system. This guide explains the file format, hash types, field meanings, and how to query password information safely.
Bash Positional Arguments: How to Use $1, $2, $@, and shift
Learn how Bash positional arguments work, including $0, $1, $#, "$@", "$*", shift, default values, and function arguments in scripts.
How to Parse Command-Line Options in Bash with getopts
Parse short options in Bash scripts with getopts: option strings, OPTARG and OPTIND, silent error handling, long-option workarounds, and complete script examples.
Install and Integrate Rspamd on Ubuntu 26.04
Install Rspamd on Ubuntu 26.04, connect it to Postfix as a milter, configure Redis, and publish DKIM and DMARC records for your mail domain.
How to Upgrade to Ubuntu 26.04
Upgrade Ubuntu 25.10 or 24.04 LTS to Ubuntu 26.04 Resolute Raccoon, including the early command-line path before the 26.04.1 point release.
How to Install PHP on Ubuntu 26.04
Learn how to install PHP 8.5 on Ubuntu 26.04 with Apache or Nginx. Includes PHP-FPM setup, common extensions, and installing other PHP versions.
How to Install Docker on Ubuntu 26.04
Install Docker on Ubuntu 26.04 from the official Docker repository. Covers repository setup, verification, running without sudo, updates, and uninstall steps.
SSH Tunnel: Local, Remote, and Dynamic Port Forwarding
Set up SSH tunnels with the -L, -R, and -D options for local, remote, and dynamic port forwarding, with working examples for Linux, macOS, and Windows.
Set up PostfixAdmin on Ubuntu 26.04
Set up PostfixAdmin on Ubuntu 26.04 with Nginx, PHP, MySQL, DNS records, and a Let's Encrypt certificate for a virtual mail server.
ssh Command in Linux: Connect to Remote Servers
The ssh command connects you to a remote Linux server. This guide covers its syntax, the most useful options, key-based login, and port forwarding.
Series
Cheatsheets
mount Cheatsheet
Quick reference for the mount command: mount and unmount filesystems, mount options, UUID and label mounts, network shares, and /etc/fstab entries
head Cheatsheet
Quick reference for showing the first lines or bytes of files and limiting command output with head in Linux
sha256sum Cheatsheet
Quick reference for generating and verifying SHA-256 and MD5 checksums with sha256sum, md5sum, and related Linux hash commands
Docker Compose Cheatsheet
Docker Compose quick reference: lifecycle commands, Compose file directives, health checks, environment variables, profiles, scaling, and cleanup.