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How to Check Your Debian Version: Commands and Release List
Debian 13 (trixie) is the current stable release. Check your version with /etc/os-release, lsb_release, or hostnamectl, plus codenames and support dates.
How to Check Your Ubuntu Version
Check which Ubuntu version you are running with lsb_release, /etc/os-release, or hostnamectl, plus a current release list up to Ubuntu 26.10.
How to Set Environment Variables in Linux
Set environment variables in Linux and Bash with export, list them with printenv, and make them permanent in ~/.bashrc, /etc/environment, or environment.d.
How to Undo and Redo in Vim / Vi
Undo and redo in Vim or Vi with u, Ctrl+r, :earlier, and :later. Covers time-based undo, undo branches, and persistent undo with undofile.
How to Set Up NTP with chrony on Ubuntu
Configure chrony on Ubuntu, choose NTP servers, check time synchronization, and serve accurate time to other machines on your local network.
How to Install Ubuntu 26.04
Step-by-step instructions for installing Ubuntu 26.04 LTS from a bootable USB drive, covering the 26.04.1 ISO, installer screens, disk setup, and first boot.
nohup Command in Linux: Background Jobs and Output
nohup keeps commands running after logout. The 'appending output to nohup.out' message is not an error. This guide covers background jobs, 2>&1 redirection, and stopping processes.
Fix 504 Gateway Timeout Error in Nginx
Diagnose Nginx 504 Gateway Timeout errors using upstream logs and response times. Fix slow applications or adjust proxy_read_timeout and PHP-FPM timeouts.
wget Command in Linux: Download Files with Examples
Use wget to download files on Linux, resume interrupted transfers, save files to a directory, and mirror websites, with practical command examples.
Fix 502 Bad Gateway Error in Nginx
Diagnose Nginx 502 Bad Gateway errors using the error log. Fix refused connections, PHP-FPM sockets, permissions, and oversized upstream headers.
Series
Cheatsheets
.gitignore Cheatsheet
.gitignore pattern syntax at a glance: wildcards, directory rules, negation, anchoring, global ignore files, untracking committed files, and git check-ignore.
HTTP Status Codes Cheatsheet
HTTP status codes from 1xx to 5xx, common error causes, Nginx and Cloudflare codes, and curl and log commands for checking responses.
jq Cheatsheet
jq filter reference for selecting fields, filtering arrays with select, building objects, CSV and TSV output, shell variables, and editing JSON files.
CIDR and Subnet Mask Cheatsheet
IPv4 CIDR prefix to subnet mask table from /0 to /32 with address and host counts, subnet boundaries, reserved ranges, IPv6 prefix sizes, and CIDR in Linux commands.