Articles by Dejan Panovski
env Command in Linux: Show and Set Environment Variables
The env command prints environment variables and runs programs with a modified environment. This guide covers env syntax, running commands with custom variables, clean environments, and portable shebangs.
503 Service Unavailable Error: Causes and How to Fix It
The 503 Service Unavailable error means the server cannot handle your request. This guide explains what causes it and how to fix it on Nginx and Apache.
Bash Functions
How to define and use Bash functions, pass arguments, return values, and apply best practices for writing cleaner and more maintainable scripts.
Create a Linux Swap File
How to create and enable a swap file on Linux, configure swappiness, resize an existing swap file, and remove it when no longer needed.
How to Upgrade Debian 12 to Debian 13 Trixie
Step-by-step instructions for upgrading Debian 12 Bookworm to Debian 13 Trixie, including sources.list changes, package upgrades, and post-upgrade verification.
Nginx Server Blocks on Ubuntu: Host Multiple Websites
Set up Nginx server blocks on Ubuntu to host multiple websites on a single server, each with its own document root, logs, and configuration.
nmap Command in Linux with Practical Examples
Use the nmap command in Linux to discover hosts, scan ports, detect services, and understand common scan options such as -sn, -Pn, and -sV.
id Command in Linux: Display User and Group Information
The id command prints real and effective user IDs, group IDs, and supplemental group memberships for any user on a Linux system.
sed Delete Lines: Remove Lines by Number, Pattern, or Range
Remove lines from files with sed using line numbers, patterns, ranges, and regular expressions. Covers preview mode, in-place editing, and common recipes.
How to Rename Directories in Linux
Rename single or multiple directories from the Linux command line using the mv command, for loops, and the rename utility.
w Command in Linux: Show Logged-In Users and Activity
Learn how to use the w command in Linux to see logged-in users, idle time, load averages, and what each user is doing.
sysctl Command in Linux: View and Change Kernel Parameters
Learn how to use the sysctl command to view, set, and persist Linux kernel parameters, with practical examples for common settings.
Install xrdp on Raspberry Pi: Remote Desktop Setup Guide
Set up xrdp on Raspberry Pi OS and connect over Remote Desktop from Windows, macOS, or Linux. Includes desktop install steps and first login.
How to Set Up a Firewall with UFW on Ubuntu 24.04
Step-by-step instructions for configuring and managing a UFW firewall on Ubuntu 24.04. UFW is a user-friendly front-end for managing iptables firewall rules.
How to Remove Docker Images, Containers, Volumes, and Networks
Remove unused Docker containers, images, volumes, and networks to free disk space. Covers docker system prune, selective removal, filters, and force options.
How to Create a Self-Signed SSL Certificate with OpenSSL
Generate a self-signed SSL/TLS certificate and private key on Linux using the openssl command. Covers RSA and ECDSA keys, Subject Alternative Names (SAN), and non-interactive generation.
Configuring the Nginx Error and Access Logs
This guide explains how to configure Nginx access and error logs, define custom log_format directives, and inspect log entries on Linux.
whereis Command in Linux: Find Binary, Source, and Man Pages
The Linux whereis command locates the binary, source, and manual page files for a given command. This guide covers all options with practical examples.
Configuring the Apache Error and Access Logs
How to configure and read Apache access and error logs, including log formats, virtual host logging, log file locations, and filtering log output.
git clone: Clone a Repository
How to use git clone to copy a remote or local repository, clone a specific branch, and create shallow clones, with examples for HTTPS and SSH.
